Optimization of ammonium sulfamate nitration for the. Pdf ammonium dinitramide adn is an ecological oxidizer suggested as a substitute for ammonium chloratevii in. The existence of stable dinitramides was first published in 1991 in two patent applications filed by the us research stablishment, sri. The process of this invention produces ammonium dinitramide by using a substrate compound that functions as a protected form of ammonia. Robust, perchloratefree propellants with reduced pollution. Adn is a high energy oxidizer and if used in solid fuel mixtures of projectiles could have propellant properties of importance to the armed forces. In 1989 ammonium dinitramide was independently synthesized at sri international. The ammonium dinitramide formed is isolated by extraction or absorption. The acid form of this anion, dinitramidic acid dna, hivn022 is one of the strongest inorganic acids. Eurenco is equipped with a pilotscale production of crystalline adn.
Dec, 2019 nonlinear transient burning of composite propellants. Milled and prilled adn products are normally supplied with anticaking agent. In agreement with the variations observed in the crystal structures, the vibrational spectra of the nno22 anion are also strongly influenced by the. Ion chromatographic analysis of ammonium dinitramideoxidizer for propellant and pyrotechnic applications. Eurenco is equipped with a pilotscale production of crystalline, it is a serious tactical drawback if the signature from the propellant will guide. Anbased composite propellants are primarily attractive due to the combustion products without toxic gases hcl free 17. Smokeless propulsion of missiles has a great military value. New technologies for ammonium dinitramide based monopropellant.
The anion, n no 22, was then named burns due to the formation of hydrogen. This article includes a list of referencesbut its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Combustion characteristics of adn ammonium dinitramide. Process for preparing ammonium dinitramide the united. The decomposition reactions of adn have been discussed by many researchers. The compound was characterized by uv, ir and thermal methods. It is, however, significantly more sensitive to detonation than ammonim perchlorate during combustion. The basic thermal properties, chemical pathways, and reaction products in both the condensed and gas phases are analyzed over a broad range of ambient conditions. Assessment of the synthesis routes conditions for obtaining ammonium dinitramide by the ftir abstract. Ammonium dinitramide adn was synthesized in our laboratory i. Optimization of ammonium sulfamate nitration for the preparation of. Ammonium dinitramide adn is a relatively new energetic oxidizer with excess of stoichiometric oxygen and known to produce environmentally benign combustion products 1,2 compared to ammonium perchlorate combustion products.
Ammonium dinitramide, or adn nh4nno22, is an energetic material. Catalytic decomposition mechanism of aqueous ammonium. Process for preparing ammonium dinitramide free patents online. Green propellants based on ammonium dinitramide adn, advances in spacecraft technologies, jason hall, intechopen, doi. The dinitramide anion, nno22 inorganic chemistry acs. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the. There are ammonium dinitramide adn and hydrazinium nitroformate hnf energetic oxidizers, but these are not available in adequate quantities 16. Ammonium dinitramide resource learn about, share and.
Ammonium dinitramide adn is a promising high energy oxidizer for rocket propellants because it offers a good oxygen balance and has a significant energy content. The invention relates to a new chemical compound suitable for use as an explosive and consisting of guanylurea dinitramide having formula 1. It allows for introduction of two nitro groups on the ammonia nitrogen in high yield followed by treatment with ammonia to give ammonium dinitramide, ammonium nitrate, and regenerated starting compound. The reaction consists of nitration of ammonia by means of dinitrogen pentoxide in an inert solvent. Safety of ammonium dinitramide synthesis vs size of a.
Therefore, it is of utmost importance to optimize its crystal morphology into octagonal shapes. A base other than ammonia must be added before the acid dinitramide decomposes. Ammonium dinitramide adn is a novel energetic material that can be used as a liquid monopropellant or as an ingredient in solidrocket propellants 1. Modeling of ammonium dinitramide adn monopropellant. The invention also concerns explosives, especially propellants, containing the compound. The dinitramide anion was first synthesized at the zelinsky institute in russia in 1971 and is one of the most significant discoveries in the field of. Pdf modeling of ammonium dinitramide adn monopropellant. The following chapter contains descriptions and properties of these components. In this study, ammonium dinitramide adn, which has recently attracted attentions as a halogenfree oxidizer was employed for a substitution of ap and the combustion properties of the composite propellants were investigated. Ammonium perchlorate ap and hydrazine are today widely used as propellants. Ammonium dinitramide can be synthesized from ammonium nitrate, anhydrous nitric acid, and fuming sulfuric acid containing 20% free sulfur trioxide. Rocket solid propellant alternative based on ammonium dinitramide. Pdf rocket solid propellant alternative based on ammonium. Nonlinear transient burning of composite propellants.
The majority of these studies focuses on product detection, typically at temperatures above its melting point, 365 5 1 k, under pressurizedconditions where both gaseous and condensedphase. Adsorption of ammonium dinitramide adn from aqueous. Characteristics of nepe propellant with ammonium dinitramide. Jan 01, 2014 ammonium dinitramide adn is a promising high energy oxidizer for rocket propellants because it offers a good oxygen balance and has a significant energy content. Assessment of the synthesis routes conditions for obtaining. In neutral solution, the rate of ammonium cation disappearance was less than onetenth the rate of dinitramide anion loss.
New technologies for ammonium dinitramide based monopropellant thrusters the project rheform michele negria, marius wilhelma, christian hendricha, niklas wingborgb, linus gediminasb, leif adelow b, corentin maleixc, pierre chabernaudc, rachid brahmic, romain beauchetc, yann batonneauc, charles kappensteinc, robertjan koopmansd, sebastian schuhd. Robust, perchloratefree propellants with reduced pollution pp1404 serdpestcp technical symposium and workshop washington, dc dec 46, 2007 the problem. Analytical and spectroscopy division, propellants, polymers, chemicals, and materials entity, vikram sarabhai space centre, thiruvananthapuram 695 022, india. Ammonium dinitramide adn is the ammonium salt of dinitraminic oropellant. Pdf 7 green propellants based on ammonium dinitramide adn. Calculation of the properties for adnetnhtpb the considered formula for the proposed propellant is an improvement in the field of minimum smoke propellants using adn as oxidizer. However, most of them lie in routes in which reactants are too expensive for largescale production. Hatano and coworkers 9 reported a clean and safe method for making ammonium dinitramide from urea using hno 3, no 2bf 4 and liquid nh 3, in 5 to 20% yield. It is expected that the combustion of propellants containing halogenfree adn instead of ammonium perchlorate ap will show a significant.
The final product is obtained by fractional crystallization. Ammonium dinitramide, adn, is a strong oxidizer and an explosive. Synthesis of ammonium dinitramide by nitration of potassium. Endeavors seemed to come to an end when adn ammonium. Since then, much progress has been made in its development in synthesis, reshaping, microencapsulation and solid propellant. The ammonium salt of dinitramide anion, nh4nno22 or adn is thermally more labile and impact sensitive than ammonium nitrate, but considerably more stable than the. Thermal decomposition and combustion of ammonium dinitramide. Temperature profiles in the ammonium dinitramide adn combustion wave were measured in the 0. A synthesis without a source is given on wikipedia, but due to the lack of references its unclear if it actually works. Cas 1191157 ammonium dinitramide msds toxicity property.
In agreement with the variations observed in the crystal structures, the vibrational spectra of the nno22 anion are also strongly influenced by. Dinitramide news october 2004 dinitramide users meeting in march 2003. An overview on the synthetic routes and properties of ammonium dinitramide adn and other dinitramide salts. The n,ndinitrourea obtained in stage one from urea. An overview on the synthetic routes and properties of. Advanced search watchlist search history search help. Anbased composite propellants are primarily attractive due to the combustion products without toxic gases hclfree 17. Over the last two decades, many routes have been proposed to synthesize ammonium dinitramide adn. This is a study of the reactions of free radicals formed when ammonium dinitramide adn is incubated with human liver slices. In the present study, the effect of sample pans, i. Prilling and coating of ammonium dinitramide adn mdpi. Feb 03, 1998 the process of this invention produces ammonium dinitramide by using a substrate compound that functions as a protected form of ammonia. Nov, 2016 despite significant progress in studying thermal decomposition of ammonium dinitramide adn, the kinetics of the process at the level of elementary stages has not been adequately understood. Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state at 25 c 77 f, 100 kpa.
Thermal analysis of ammonium dinitramide adn sciencedirect. Cheaper and itarfree combustion chamber materials could be used, if the. The salient features with reference to the extent of conversion and ease of separation of the products of the. The theoretical performances of nepe nitrate ester plasticized polyether propellant with and without adn were calculated with minimum free energy method. Adn is also chlorine free and propellants based on this oxidizer emit environmentally acceptable exhaust gases 1. Ammonium dinitramide adn 19 rocket solid propellant alternative based on ammonium dinitramide. Rocket solid propellant alternative based on ammoniu m. Coating methods for surface modification of ammonium nitrate. Such an inhibition leads to a lower rate of decomposition in the solid phase than in the liquid phase. Study on the formation of dinitramide using mixed acid. The burning characteristics and the thermal decomposition of propellants were determined by nickel chromium wire method and tg dtg, respectively.
Despite significant progress in studying thermal decomposition of ammonium dinitramide adn, the kinetics of the process at the level of elementary stages has not been adequately understood. Coating methods for surface modification of ammonium. Pressure dsc at 550 psi air or helium had similar kinetic constants for prilled adn, namely 29 kcalmol activation energy and a log. Green propellants based on ammonium dinitramide adn. Dec 26, 2019 advanced search watchlist search history search help. Adn decomposes under heat to leave only nitrogen, oxygen, and water.
Us5714714a process for preparing ammonium dinitramide. Environmentally friendly and high performance are required for the nextgeneration srms. Ammonium perchlorate groundwater contamination an estimated 24 million pounds of ammonium perchlorate ap are manufactured every year, mostly for dod use. It is a lowsignature environmentally friendly propellant, with chlorine free combustion products. On the mechanism of thermal decomposition of ammonium. Ion chromatographic analysis of ammonium dinitramide.
Thermal analysis of ammonium dinitramide adn thermal analysis of ammonium dinitramide adn tompa, albert s 20000814 00. Wettabiity and surface free energy of graphene films. Prilling and coating of ammonium dinitramide adn solid. Ammonium dinitramide was invented in 1971 in zelinskiy institute of organic chemistry in the ussr. Detailed combustionwave structures and burningrate characteristics are. Milled fine fraction crystals and prilled spherical particles could be supplied. Adnbased monopropellants have these major advantages, but also some. Synthesis of ammonium dinitramide by nitration of potassium and. Ap as oxidizer in solid propellants and hydrazine as liquid monopropellant. Rocket solid propellant alternative based on ammonium. Initially all information related to this compound was classified because of its use as a rocket propellant, particularly in topolm intercontinental ballistic missiles. Ammonium dinitramide nh 4 n no 2 2 abbreviated adn is a relatively new oxidizer which may be environmentally friendly because it does not have a halogen acid decomposition product.
Ammonium dinitramide adn is a promising new oxidizer for solid propellants because of its high oxygen balance and high energy content, and halogen free combustion products. This property is also of military interest because halogen free smoke is harder to detect. Moreover, the low critical humidity level of adn renders it unusable in a humid climate. Although ammonium nitrate is suitable as an oxidizer in large rocket. Ammonium dinitramide adn is a promising new oxidizer for solid propellants because of its high oxygen balance and high energy content, and halogenfree combustion products. Aerospace free fulltext prilling and coating of ammonium. The reaction mixture containing ammonium sulphate 3900 mgl and ammonium nitrate 3000 mgl along with adn 600 mgl was the. Hence, encapsulation with a hydrophobic polymer is necessary. Ammonium dinitramide adn in its generic form has a long needle shaped. In order to correctly reference this scholarly work, feel free to copy and. It is a lowsignature environmentally friendly propellant, with chlorinefree combustion products.
The previous report on isotope labelled adn decomposition revealed that, in solid adn, the rate of loss of the ammonium cation was about half that of the dinitramide anion. Ammonium dinitramide adn is the ammonium salt of dinitraminic acid. Ion chromatographic analysis of ammonium dinitramideoxidizer. Hello fellow wikipedians, i have just modified one external link on ammonium dinitramide. Anders larsson and niklas wingborg february 14th 2011. Ammonium dinitramide adn in its generic form has a long needle shaped structure, which hinders higher solid loading. As a result, adnbased energetic ionic liquid propellants eilps have been studied, based on adn combined with urea and monomethyl ammonium nitrate mman. Read influences of aging on thermal decomposition mechanism of high performance oxidizer ammonium dinitramide, journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry on deepdyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. Because it offers higher performance than conventional oxidizers. It is a pale yellow hygroscopic powder soluble in polar solvents including water. Detailed combustionwave structures and burningrate characteristics are discussed.
393 336 624 644 898 143 1396 916 469 1415 1265 1006 1200 380 1540 533 476 808 1007 611 1005 1032 977 598 1102 1148 956 1468 576 1185 52 210 8 379 705 571 1176 658 1441 1392 1098 1151